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''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus'', commonly known as pine wood nematode or pine wilt nematode (PWN), is a species of nematode that infects pine trees and causes the disease pine wilt.〔(''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus'', Pine Wilt Nematode. ) Nematology. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.〕〔(''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus''. ) Nemaplex. UC Davis.〕 It occurs in much of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It also occurs in Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Portugal.〔 == History == Pine mortality in Japan was first reported Munemoto Yano (矢野宗幹) in Nagasaki prefecture in 1905.〔Yano, M. (1905) 長崎県下松樹枯死原因調査. 山林公報4〕 The nematode was first discovered in the timber of longleaf pine (''Pinus palustris'') in Louisiana, United States. Steiner and Burhrer reported that the nematode was a new species, and they named it ''Aphelenchoides xylophilus'' in 1934.〔Steiner, G.; Burher, E.M. (1934) ''Aphelenchoides xylophilus'', n. sp, a nematode associated with blue stain and other fungi in timber. Journal of Agriculture Research 48944951.〕 In 1969, Japanese plant pathologists Tomoya Kiyohara (清原友也) and Yozan Tokushige (徳重陽山) discovered many unfamiliar nematodes on dead pine trees around the Kyushu islands in Japan.〔Tokushige, Y. and Kiyohara, T. (1969)(''Bursaphelenchus'' sp. in the wood of dead pine trees ). 日本林学会誌51(7): 193-195.〕 Then, they experimentally inoculated the nematode to healthy some pine and other conifer trees and observed them. The healthy pine trees were killed—especially Japanese red and Japanese Black pine. However, Jack and Loblloly pine, Sugi cedar, and Hinoki cypress trees were able to survive.〔Kiyohara, T. and Tokushige, Y. (1971) (Inoculation experiment of a nematode, ''Bursaphelenchus'' sp., onto pine trees ). 日本林学会誌53(7): 193-195.〕 The researchers concluded that the nematode was the pathogen behind the increase of mortality in Japanese pine trees. In 1972, the year after the ground-breaking paper of Kiyohara and Tokushige was published, Yasuharu Mamiya (真宮靖治) and T. Kiyohara posited that the nematode was the pathogen behind pine mortality, and that it was a new species. They named it ''Bursaphelenchus lignicolous'' .〔Mamiya, Y.; Kiyohara, T. (1972) Description of ''Bursaphelenchus lignicolous'' n. sp. (Nematode: Aphelenchoidae) from pine wood and histopahology of nematode infected trees. Nematology 18(1): 120-124.〕 ''Bursaphelenchus lingnicolous'', the Japanese nematode, was re-classified as the American species ''B. xylopilus'' in 1981.〔Nickle, W.R.; Golden, A.M.; Mamiya, Y.; Wergin, W.P. (1981) On the taxonomy and morphology of the pine wood nematode.〕 Pine wilt nematode epidemics have occurred in Japan, particularly during warm, dry summers.〔Dwinell, L. D. and W. R. Nickle. (1989). (An Overview of the Pine Wood Nematode Ban in North America. ) Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-55. Asheville, North Carolina: USDA, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.〕〔Mota, M. M. and P. C. Vieira. 2008. (Pine wilt disease in portugal. ) In: ''Pine Wilt Disease''. Springer Japan. pp 33-38.〕〔Mota, M. M. and P. C. Vieira (eds.) (''Pine Wilt Disease: A Worldwide Threat to Forest Ecosystems''. ) Springer. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4020-8454-6〕〔Suzuki, K. 2002. (Pine Wilt Disease: a threat to pine forest in Europe. ) ''Dendrobiology'' 48, 71-74.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bursaphelenchus xylophilus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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